SOE Archive

Hydrology: Introduction, Global distribution of water and Indian water availability. Hydrologic cycle (Horton’s) qualitative and engineering representation.

Precipitation: Forms and types, measurement of rain fall using Syphon type of rain gauges, optimum number of rain gauge stations, consistency of rainfall data (double mass curve method), computation of mean rainfall, estimation of missing data, presentation of precipitation data, moving average curve, mass curve, rainfall hyetographs.

Losses from Precipitation: Evaporation process, factors affecting evaporation, measurement using IS class-A Pan, reservoir evaporation and control. Factors affecting Evapo transpiration. Infiltration, Factors affecting infiltration capacity, measurement by double ring infiltrometer, Horton’s infiltration equation, infiltration indices.

Runoff: Definition, concept of catchment, factors affecting runoff, rainfall – runoff relationship using regression analysis.

Hydrographs: Definition, components of hydrograph, base flow separation, unit hydrograph, assumption, application and limitations, derivation from simple storm hydrographs, S curve and its computations, Conversion of UH of different durations.

Irrigation: System of irrigation: surface and ground water, flow irrigation, lift irrigation. Methods of irrigation: surface, sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation.

Water Requirements of Crops: Duty, delta and base period, relationship between them, factors affecting duty of water crops and crop seasons in India, irrigation efficiency, frequency of irrigation.

Reservoirs: Definition, investigation for reservoir site, storage zones determination of storage capacity using mass curves, economical height of dam.

Canals: Types of canals. Alignment of canals. Definition of gross command area, cultural command area, intensity of irrigation, time factor, crop factor. Unlined and lined canals. Standard sections. Regime channels, Design of canals by Lacey's and Kennedy's method.

Flood Management: rivers and floods, Causes of floods, Alleviation, Flood control:Levees and floodwalls, Flood ways, Channel improvement, Flood damage analysis.

Drought Management: Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and augmentation, drought contingency planning.

Water harvesting: rainwater collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, Restoration and rejuvenation of water bodies ( ponds and lakes)

Introduction to working stress and limit State Design: Introduction to working stress method, Difference between Working stress and Limit State Method of design. Philosophy and principle of limit state design with assumptions. Partial Safety factors, Characteristic load and strength. Stress block parameters, concept of balanced section, under reinforced and over reinforced section. Limiting deflection, short term deflection, long term deflection, Calculation of deflection of singly reinforced beam only.

Limit State Analysis of Beams: Analysis of singly reinforced, doubly reinforced and flanged beams for flexure and shear.

Limit State Design of Beams: Design of singly reinforced beams with check for shear, check for development length and other checks. Design of doubly reinforced beams and flanged sections without checks.

Limit State Design of Slabs and Stairs: Introduction to one way and two way slabs, Design of cantilever, simply supported and one way continuous slab. Design of two way slabs for different boundary conditions. Design of dog legged and open well staircases.

Limit State Design of Columns and Footings: Analysis and design of short axially loaded RC column. Design of columns with uniaxial and biaxial moments, Design concepts of the footings. Design of Rectangular and square column footings with axial load.

Cement and aggregates
Cement, Chemical composition, Physical and chemical properties, Other Cementitious materials and composition GGBS, Fly ash rice Husk ash, Silica fume, Hydration of cement, Factors influencing and affecting Hydration of cement, Types of cement. Fine aggregate - grading, analysis, Specify gravity, bulking, moisture content, deleterious materials. Coarse aggregate – Importance of size, shape and texture. Grading of aggregates - Sieve analysis, specific gravity, Flakiness and elongation index, crushing, impact and abrasion tests. Codal Provisions.

Properties of fresh concrete
Workability - Process of manufactures of concrete: Batching, Mixing, Assessment of Workability of Concrete, Factors affecting workability, Measurement of workability – slump test, flow test, Compaction factor test and Vee-Bee Consistometer tests, Segregation and bleeding, Transporting, Placing, Compaction, Curing, need and Types of curing, accelerated curing.

Admixtures: Classification, effect on fresh and hardened concrete, retention time, Dosage ant their effects, Influence on properties of paste, mortar, and concrete. Types of concrete (in brief).

Mix design procedure: Concept of Concrete Mix design, variables in proportioning, exposure conditions, Procedure of mix design as per IS 10262-2019, Numerical examples of Mix Design.

Hardened concrete:
Factors affecting strength, w/c ratio, gel/space ratio, maturity concept, Effect of aggregate properties, assessment of compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, bond strength and modulus of elasticity, aggregate - cement bond strength, factors influencing strength and codal provisions, Relation between modulus of elasticity and strength, factors affecting modulus of elasticity, Poisson Ratio.

Durability - definition, significance, short term and long-term durability. Shrinkage-plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage, Factors contributing to cracks in concrete - plastic shrinkage, settlement cracks, Factors affecting shrinkage, Effect of creep. Measurement of creep, factors influencing creep. Permeability, Sulphate attack, Chloride attack, carbonation, freezing and thawing, Construction joints and Expansion joints, Thermal effect of concrete. Codal Provisions.

Wastewater:
Introduction: Need for sanitation, methods of sewage disposal, and types of sewerage systems.
Treatment of municipal waste water: Waste water characteristics (Analysis to be conducted in laboratory session): sampling, significance and techniques, physical, chemical and biological characteristics, Numericals on BOD.

Treatment Process: flow diagram for municipal waste water Treatment unit operations and process, Screens: types, disposal. Grit chamber, oil and grease removal. Primary and secondary settling tanks.

Suspended & Attached growth system – trickling filter, Trickling filters, bio-towers and rotating biological contactors. SBBR, SBR, MBR. Activated sludge process and its modifications.

Fundamentals of sanitary engineering: Methods of sewage disposal, types of sewerage systems, dry weather flow, wet weather flow, factors affecting dry and wet weather flow, estimation of storm water flow, time of concentration flow, Numericals. Sewer appurtenances: Manholes, catch basins, oil and grease traps. P, Q, S traps. Material of sewers, shape of sewers, laying and testing of sewers, ventilation of sewers, basics of house drainage.

Hydraulic design of sewers: Determination of velocity and discharge. Self-cleansing and non-scouring velocity. Design of hydraulic elements for circular sewers for full flow and half flow conditions.

Rural sanitation: Collection and disposal of dry refuse, collection and disposal of sullage, disposal of excretal waste, night soil disposal without water carriage: previes.
Solid waste disposal: Introduction, quantity and composition of refuse, transport of refuse, disposal of refuse, composting, methods of composting.
Air Pollution: Composition of atmospheric air, classification and sources of air pollutants, characteristics of air pollutants, air pollution control methods and equipment’s.

Introduction: Development; Sustainable Development – Logic of sustainable development; methods to achieve sustainable development. EIA- As An Integral Part of The Planning Process. The need for EIA, Indian Policies requiring EIA, The EIA cycle and procedures, Screening, Scoping, Baseline Data, impact prediction, Assessment of Alternatives, Delineation of mitigation measure and EIA report, Public Hearing, decision making, monitoring the clearance conditions.
Government of India Ministry of Environment and Forest Notification (2000) and its amendments, List of projects requiring environmental clearance, categorization of projects, Procedure for getting environmental clearance, application form, Composition of expert committee, ecological sensitive places, international agreements.

Environmental Impact Assessment: Carrying capacity concept, Evolution, Objectives, Types - Rapid and Comprehensive EIA, FONSI, NDS, EIS, NABET Accreditation to EIA Consultants. Scope and contents of EIA, Step-by-step process in EIA & its Frame work, Components of EIA, Roles in the EIA Process, EIA process limitations, TOR.

EIA Methodologies: Environmental Attributes-Criteria for the selection of EIA methodology, impact identification, impact measurement, impact interpretation & Evaluation, impact communication, Methods - Adhoc methods, Checklists methods, Matrices methods, Networks methods, Overlays methods. EIA review- Baseline Conditions -Construction Stage Impacts, post project impacts. Attributes – air, water, land, noise, biotic, socio-economic - Standards and value functions, Application of various models for the Prediction of impact on Air Environment, Water Environment, Noise Environment and Land Environment.

Environmental Management Plan: EMP preparation, Monitoring Environmental Management Plan, Identification of Significant or Unacceptable Impacts Requiring Mitigation, Mitigation Plans and Relief & Rehabilitation, Stipulating the Conditions, Monitoring Methods, Pre- Appraisal and Appraisal.

Case Studies: Preparation of EIA for developmental projects- Factors to be considered in making assessment decisions, Water Resources Project, Construction and Infrastructure projects, Pharmaceutical industry, Thermal power plant, Nuclear fuel complex, Highway project, Sewage treatment plant, Municipal Solid waste processing plant, Air Ports.

Occupational Hazard and Control Principles: Safety, History and development, National Safety Policy. Occupational safety and Health Act (OSHA), Occupational Health and Safety administration - Laws governing OSHA and right to know. Accident – causation, investigation, investigation plan, Methods of acquiring accident facts, Supervisory role in accident investigation.

Ergonomics at Work Place: Ergonomics Task analysis, Preventing Ergonomic Hazards, Work space Envelops, Visual Ergonomics, Ergonomic Standards, Ergonomic Programs. Hazard cognition and Analysis, Human Error Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis – Emergency Response - Decision for action – purpose and considerations.

Fire Prevention and Protection: Fire Triangle, Fire Development and its severity, Effect of Enclosures, early detection of Fire, Classification of fire and Fire Extinguishers. Electrical Safety, Product Safety: Technical Requirements of Product safety.

Health Considerations at Work Place: types of diseases and their spread, Health Emergency. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – types and advantages, effects of exposure and treatment for engineering industries, municipal solid waste. Environment management plans (EMP) for safety and Sustainability.

Occupational Health and Safety Considerations: Water and wastewater treatment plants, Handling of chemical and safety measures in water and wastewater treatment plants and labs, Construction material manufacturing industries like cement plants, RMC Plants, precast plants and construction sites. Policies, roles and responsibilities of workers, managers and supervisors.

Basic elements of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), focusing on technological, systems and institutional aspects. Benefits of ITS -ITS Data collection techniques – Detectors, Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL), Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), video data collection.

Advanced traveler information systems; transportation network operations; commercial vehicle operations and intermodal freight.

Public transportation applications, ITS and regional strategic transportation planning, including regional architectures.

ITS and changing transportation institutions, ITS and safety, ITS and security, ITS as a technology deployment program, research, development and business models, ITS and sustainable mobility.

Travel demand management, electronic toll collection, and ITS and road-pricing. Automated Highway Systems- Vehicles in Platoons –ITS in World – Overview of ITS Implementations in developed countries, ITS in developing countries.

Fundamental of smart city & Infrastructure: Introduction of Smart City, Concept of smart city, Objective for smart cities, History of Smart city world and India. Need to develop smart city, Challenges of managing infrastructure in India and world, various types of Infrastructure systems, Infrastructures need assessment.

Planning and development of Smart city Infrastructure: Energy and ecology, solar energy for smart city, Housing, sustainable green building, safety, security, disaster management, economy, cyber security, Project management.

Intelligent transport systems Smart vehicles and fuels, GIS, GPS, Navigation system, traffic safety management, mobility services, E-ticketing

Management of water resources and related infrastructure: Storage and conveyance system of water, sustainable water and sanitation, sewerage system, flood management, conservation system

Infrastructure Management system & Policy for Smart city Integrated infrastructure management systems for smart city, Infrastructure management system applications for existing smart city. Worldwide policies for smart city. Government of India - policy for smart city, Mission statement & guidelines, Smart cities in India, Case studies of smart city.

Types of Data and Sources of Data for Planning Understanding difference between data, information and knowledge; Distinction between facts and opinions; Reliable sources of data and information; Data requirements for urban and regional planning; Sources of primary and secondary data; Overview of data availability from different sources including Census of India, NSSO, etc.

Data Collection Methods - Socio-Economic Surveys Questionnaire design, design of sample surveys, types of sampling, measurement scales, data coding and data verification; Qualitative data collection methods: focus group surveys, individual interviews, observations, ethnographic methods; Validity and reliability of data.

Data Collection Methods - Physical Surveys and Mapping Physical surveys for the preparation of base maps at different scales, contents of base maps; Land use classifications; Techniques for conducting field surveys for land use, building use, density and other surveys needed for planning; Use of information, communication and technology (ICT) based data collection methods.

Urban land use planning: Objectives and Principles of Urban planning; Different Land use planning norms, Environmental aspects of land use planning, Role of URDPFI guidelines in Town planning, Land use Structures, demand and supply of land relationship, Government policies of urban development, Role of Professional bodies.

Planning of residential areas: Household and housing, housing requirement for different sections of society, building byelaws, development controls, housing projects layouts, Neighbourhood planning, design standards and their significance in housing process, socio-economic and aesthetic, environmental factors affecting layouts, various concepts of layout planning, row and multi storied housing, layout optimization techniques, appropriate DU design.

Theory of elasticity concepts, Energy principles, Rayleigh - Ritz Method, Galerkin method and finite element method, steps in finite element analysis, displacement approach, stiffness matrix and boundary conditions.

Discritisation; finite representation of infinite bodies and discritisation of very large bodies, Natural Coordinates, Shape functions; polynomial, LaGrange and Serendipity , one dimensional formulations; beam and truss with numerical examples.

2D formulations; Constant Strain Triangle, Linear Strain Triangle, 4 and 8 noded quadrilateral elements, Numerical Evaluation of Element Stiffness -Computation of Stresses, Static Condensation of nodes, degradation technique, Axisym metric Element.

Isopara metric concepts; is opera metric, sub parametric and super parametric elements, Jacobian transformation matrix, Stiffness Matrix of Isopara metric Elements, Numerical integration by Gaussian quadrature rule for one, two and three dimensional problems.

Techniques to solve nonlinearities in structural systems; material, geometric and combined non linearity, incremental and iterative techniques.
Structure of computer program for FEM analysis, description of different modules, exposure to FEM software’s.

Environmental Implications of Buildings Energy use, carbon emissions, water use, waste disposal; Building materials: sources, methods of production and environmental Implications. Embodied Energy in Building Materials:
Transportation Energy for Building Materials; Maintenance Energy for Buildings. Framed Construction, Masonry Construction. Resources for Building Materials, Alternative concepts. Recycling of Industrial and Buildings Wastes. Biomass Resources for buildings.

Elements of Structural Masonry: Elements of Structural Masonry, Masonry materials, requirements of masonry units’ characteristics of bricks, stones, clay blocks, concrete blocks, stone boulders, laterite Blocks, Fal- G blocks and Stabilized mud block. Manufacture of stabilized blocks.

Structural Masonry Mortars: Mortars, cementations materials, sand, natural & manufactured, types of mortars, classification of mortars as per BIS, characteristics and requirements of mortar, selection of mortar. Uses of masonry, masonry bonding, Compressive strength of masonry elements, Factors affecting compressive strength, Strength of Prisms/wallets and walls, Effect of brick bond on strength, Bond strength of masonry: Flexure and shear, Elastic properties of masonry materials and masonry, Design of masonry compression elements subjected to axial load.

Alternate Building Materials: Lime, Pozzolana cements, Raw materials, Manufacturing process, Properties and uses. Fibers- metal and synthetic, Properties and applications. Fiber reinforced plastics, Matrix materials, Fibers organic and synthetic, Properties and applications. Building materials from agro and industrial wastes, Types of agro wastes, Types of industrial and mine wastes, Properties and applications. Masonry blocks using industrial wastes. Construction and demolition wastes.

Alternate Building Technologies: Use of arches in foundation, alternatives for wall constructions, composite masonry, confined masonry, cavity walls, rammed earth, Ferro cement and ferroconcrete building components, Materials and specifications, Properties, Construction methods, Applications. Top down Construction, Mivan Construction Technique. Alternate Roofing Systems: Concepts, Filler slabs, Composite beam panel roofs, Masonry vaults and domes.

Equipment for Production of Alternate Materials: Machines for manufacture of concrete, Equipment’s for production of stabilized blocks, Moulds and methods of production of precast elements, Cost concepts in buildings, Cost saving techniques in planning, design and construction, Cost analysis: Case studies using alternatives.

Introduction to the concept of cost effective construction - Uses of different types of materials and their availability -Stone and Laterite blocks- Burned Bricks- Concrete Blocks-Stabilized Mud Blocks- Lime Puzzolona Cement- Gypsum Board- Light Weight Beams- Fiber Reinforced Cement Components- Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite- Bamboo-Availability of different materials-Recycling of building materials – Brick- Concrete- Steel- Plastics - Environmental issues related to quarrying of building materials.

Environment friendly and cost effective Building Technologies - Different substitute for wall construction Flemish Bond - Rat Trap Bond – Arches – Panels - Cavity Wall - Ferro Cement and Ferro Concrete constructions – different pre cast members using these materials - Wall and Roof Panels – Beams – columns - Door and Window frames - Water tanks - Septic Tanks - Alternate roofing systems - Filler Slab - Composite Beam and Panel Roof -Pre-engineered and ready to use building elements - wood products – steel and plastic - Contributions of agencies - Costford - Nirmithi Kendra - Habitat

Global Warming – Definition - Causes and Effects - Contribution of Buildings towards Global Warming - Carbon Footprint – Global Efforts to reduce carbon Emissions Green Buildings – Definition - Features- Necessity – Environmental benefit - Economical benefits - Health and Social benefits - Major Energy efficient areas for buildings – Embodied Energy in Materials Green Materials - Comparison of Initial cost of Green V/s Conventional Building - Life cycle cost of Buildings.

Green Building rating Systems- BREEAM – LEED - GREEN STAR -GRIHA ( Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) for new buildings – Purpose - Key highlights - Point System with Differential weightage. Green Design – Definition - Principles of sustainable development in Building Design - Characteristics of Sustainable Buildings – Sustainably managed Materials - Integrated Lifecycle design of Materials and Structures (Concepts only)

Utility of Solar Energy in Buildings Utility of Solar energy in buildings concepts of Solar Passive Cooling and Heating of Buildings. Low Energy Cooling. Case studies of Solar Passive Cooled and Heated Buildings.

Green Concepts for Buildings Concepts of Green Composites. Water balancing in Buildings, Low Energy Approaches. Management of Solid Wastes. Management of Sullage Water and Sewage. Urban Environment and Green Buildings. Green Cover and Built Environment.HVAC.

Overview of Quality: Quality History, Quality Definition, Quality Inspection, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Quality Engineering, Quality Management, Quality Gurus: Philip B. Crosby, W. Edwards Deming etc, PDCA Cycle, Costs associated with Quality, Reasons for Poor Quality.

Quality Management: Management Practices: TQM, Vision and Quality policy, Quality Function Deployment, Bench marking and performance evaluation, ISO 9000 Quality Management System, ISO 14000 Environmental Management System.

Statistical Quality Control: Importance of SQC in construction, Statistical parameters: sampling, population and sampling, measure of variability, measure of central tendency & dispersion, Recommendations of IS 456:2000 on sampling, testing and acceptance criteria for concrete.

QA and QC in Construction: Errors in concrete construction; Frequency of material testing and reporting of basic construction materials (cement, sand, coarse aggregate, bricks, steel), Norms for accepting and rejecting criteria of basic construction materials as per relevant IS codes.

On-Site Quality: Achieving quality at different stages of construction: Conceptual Design, Preliminary Design, Detailed Design, Construction, Testing, Commissioning, and Handover. Quality assessment of concrete through NDT: rebound hammer and USPV tests and guidelines for accepting and rejecting.

Types of offshore structures and their conceptual development-Fixed, Compliant, Floating- Analytical models for offshore structures- Behaviour under static and dynamic loads-Materials and construction of jacket and gravity platforms-Statutory regulations- Allowable stresses- Design methods and Code Provisions- Design specification of API, DNV, Lloyd's and other Classification Societies.

Environmental loads- Wind, wave, current and ice loads-Calculation based on maximum base shear and overturning moments- Design wave height and spectral definition-Morison's Equation- Maximum wave force on offshore structure.

Concept of return waves- Principles of static and dynamic analyses of fixed platforms-Use of approximate methods-Principles of WSD and LRFD- Allowable stresses and partial safety factors- Design of structural elements.

Design against accidental loads- Fire, Blast and Collision-Behaviour of steel at elevated temperature. Fire rating for Hydrocarbon fire- Design of structures for high temperature- Blast mitigation-Blast walls- Collision of boats and energy absorption.

Corrosion- Corrosion mechanism- Types of corrosion-Offshore structure corrosion zones- Biological corrosion-Preventive measures of corrosion- Principles of cathode protection systems- Sacrificial anode method and impressed current method- Online corrosion monitoring- Corrosion fatigue.

Introduction to bridges, classification, selection of bridge site and preliminary and detailed survey work computation of discharge, linear waterway, economic span, afflux, scour depth.
Design loads for bridges, introduction to I.R.C. loading standards, Load Distribution Theory, Bridge slabs, Effective width, Introduction to methods as per I.R.C.

Design of Slab Bridges: Straight and skew slab bridges.

Design of T beam bridges (up to three girder only) Proportioning of components, analysis of slab using IRC Class AA tracked vehicle, structural design of slab, analysis of cross girder for dead load & IRC Class AA tracked vehicle, structural design of cross girder, analysis of main girder using Courbon’s method, calculation of dead load BM and SF, calculation of live load B M & S F using IRC Class AA Tracked vehicle. Structural design of main girder.

Other Bridges: Design of Box culvert (Single vent only). Design of Pipe culverts.

Substructures - Design of Piers and abutments, Introduction to Bridge bearings, Hinges and Expansion joints (No design).

Environmental Chemistry
Introduction: Importance of Environmental Chemistry as applied to Environmental Engineering, types of reactions, acid/base, precipitation, reversible and irreversible reactions. Concepts of equivalent mass in relation to acids, bases, salts and oxidizing and reducing agents. Chemical equilibrium – redox and ionic equations. Modes of expression for molarity, normality, molality, ppm.

Electrochemistry
Electrolytes, types of conductance. Method of determining the specific conductance of water/wastewater and its correlation with dissolved salts. Electrode, types of electrodes, electrode potential, etc. Measurement of emf and pH and their applications in Environmental Engineering, electrode potential. Buffers and buffer index.

Colloidal and Surface chemistry
Colloids – Types, properties and environmental significance. Colloidal dispersions in water, air and emulsions. Theory of colloids – double layer theory, zeta potential, destabilization of colloids (Schulze – Hardy rule) as applied to coagulation process. Absorption and adsorption process, adsorption isotherms.

Applied Microbiology
Microscopic flora and fauna and their importance in environmental protection, microorganisms of importance in air, water and soil environment. Microbial enumeration techniques.
Microbial Metabolism: Metabolic activity, anabolism and catabolism, influencing parameters, microbial metabolism of toxic chemicals and trace organics, bio concentration and bio magnification.

Bacteria: Morphology, spore formation, typical bacterial growth curve, Nutritional requirements, Growth Models specific growth rate and generation time, numerical problems.

Algae, Fungi, Virus: Classification, characteristics and environmental applications.

Enzymes: Classification, kinetics of enzymatic reactions, Michaelis - Menton equation, factors influencing enzyme reactions, problems. Recent trends - Use of microbial consortia in water and wastewater treatment, Emerging Microbial Contaminants-chemical and antibiotic resistant microbes

Operation Maintenance & Management of Environmental Facilities
Scope, Significance, Importance, Basic Principles, Objectives, Requirements, limitations. Operation, maintenance and Management. Organizational Structure, Work Planning, Preparation and Scheduling, Cost Estimates.

Data Base of Facilities
Plan, Drawing, Map, Operation Manual, Record keeping, standard operating procedure.
Water Treatment and Supply Facilities – Operation, maintenance and management problems and their respective remedial and control measures of Different Units of water Treatment and Water Supply Facilities.

Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities: Operation, maintenance and management problems and their respective remedial and control measures of wastewater collection and treatment facilities

Industrial wastewater collection and treatment facilities: Operation, maintenance and management problems and their respective remedial and control measures of Industrial Wastewater collection and treatment facility.

Air Pollution Control Facilities: Operation, maintenance and management problems and their respective remedial and control measures of air pollution control facility. Computer Applications in O&M and SCADA.

Introduction: General Characteristics of Industrial effluents, Effects on Environment – ISI tolerance limits for discharging industrial effluents into surface water, into public sewers and on to land for irrigation.

Treatment of industrial waste water: Necessity of treatment –Segregation – Process changes – Salvaging– Byproduct Recovery –Ion Exchange, Electro dialysis, Solvent Extraction, Floatation – Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus – Boiler water treatment methods and cooling water treatment methods.

Food industries: Sources, characteristics treatment and recycling of waste water from Sugar, Dairy, and Distilleries.

Major industrial effluents: Sources, characteristics, treatment and recycling of waste water from Power plants, Oil refineries, Cement and Steel factories.

Chemical industries: Sources, characteristics, treatment and recycling of waste water from Paper and pulp, Tanneries, Textiles, Fertilizers and Pharmaceutical industries.

Introduction: Global warming aggravations, Earth’s climate, climate change, drivers of climate change, Kyoto, Montreal and New Delhi Protocols.

Climate models: Models for climate change, GCMs, RCMs, climate change scenarios; Sector models – water resources, Agricultural, forestry, energy, GHG prediction models.

Climate change impacts: Impacts of climate change on water sector, agriculture sector, infrastructure and energy systems with case studies.

Vulnerability/adaptation: Need for vulnerability assessment; generic steps, approaches and tools of assessment; adaptation to climate change by various sectors.

Mitigation: Mitigation measures for climate change, CDM and case studies. Climate change and India, impacts, sectoral and regional vulnerability in India, Evaluation of model simulation over India.

Emission trading Evolution of emission trading and design features, trading mechanisms Cost-effective permit markets, the role of transaction costs, the role of technical change, Consequences of emission trading.

Monitoring and enforcement: Domestic enforcement process, nature of international enforcement process, economic enforcement, current enforcement practice, program Effectiveness, global responsibilities for controlling climatic change.